Essay on Platonic Justice - 916 Words

Platonic Justice Throughout Platos Republic, the subject of platonic justice and its goodness to its self arise and are discussed amongst Plato and his peers. At the beginning of The Republic, Plato asks the fundamental question of what is justice? Looking to define the ideal state of justice, Plato reasons that he must first define justice in theory before he can use justice practically. Platonic Justice is defined as being a harmony between the tripartite soul in which reasons guide the spirit and appetite. Justice is said to be good in itself and good in its practical ends. It is educating desires, implementing the human faculty of reason. Justice is not the interest of the stronger, but more the interest of the weaker. An unjust†¦show more content†¦When rulers rule wrongly, they make rules contrary to their interests. The subjects are the ones who obeyed the rules instated by the rulers. Having shown that justice may not only be the interest of the stronger but also the injury, Plato further seeks the definition of justice. Socrates implements a usage of medicine. The art of medicine tends to the needs of the body, not to the interest of the medicine. If medicine attended to its own interest, it would serve no practical use. However, medicine considers the interest of the patients. The same can be said about doctors who consider the needs of their patients, not only his own needs. If the doctor only had interest in himself he would cease to be a doctor. Having argued back and forth Plato dismisses that justice is the interest of the stronger. Rulers who rule in their own interest breed unhappy subjects, ignoring the needs of the subjects for their own needs. In the past history has shown that discontent subjects rebel against their rulers. Thus, rulers should rule in the interest of the subjects. Upon realizing his situation, Thrasymacus changes his opinion, arguing that a ruler benefits in life by injustice. He also states that an unjust man benefits where a just man suffers. Thus, justice is a virtue, injustice a vice. A truly unjust person leads a life of individualism and anarchy, seeking to gain over both the just and unjust. This could not possiblyShow MoreRelatedJustice Is One Of Four Cardinal Platonic Virtues Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesJustice is one of four cardinal Platonic virtues. These virtues are said to be good by nature, and so they must be ideals that all individuals strive to demonstrate in their lives. In The Republic, Plato (through Socrates) attempts to find the definition of Justice through dialogue with his colleagues. One of his colleagues Thrasymachus proclaims that: â€Å"Justice is in the interest of the stronger.† (338c) In other words, rulers make laws from which only they reap the benefits of. Fortunately, thisRead MorePlatonic Justi ce2152 Words   |  9 Pagessociety in which justice symbolizes the virtuous, since Plato believed justice is there to be the prescription for the evils. He used the Greek word Dikaisyne for justice which refers the work ‘morality or ‘righteousness. The English word justice and the Greek word ‘Dikaisyne capture imperfectness when explaining the same concept because the Greek one implies both law-abiding behaviours and institutions, and virtues of people in social context. However, neither justice nor fairnessRead MoreLove and Beauty1208 Words   |  5 Pagesidea is extended, into infinity. Men who are pregnant in body, then, turn to women Ââ€" to engender within their kind; while those who are pregnant in soul conceive and bring forth wisdom (the most important species of which are self-mastery and justice), together with other forms of excellence. Men pregnant in this way Ââ€" poets, inventive craftsmen and the life Ââ€" look for persons who are beautiful, and taking the education of these in hand, at once find much to say on excellence and on how mean oughtRead More Exploring Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnets Essay4114 Words   |  17 Pagesfind which counterpart represents the best match to the poet’s want of wholeness. The eye and the heart are a synecdoche to this concept of reunition to the whole. The juxtaposition of the eye and heart in relation to love is a reflection of this Platonic idea of the search for the true match. Does the eye or the heart hold the true key to unlocking the potential of the soul, as it seeks its other half? Similarly , if the eye and heart are two separate parts of a whole body, how must they work togetherRead MorePlato s Theory Of Love1789 Words   |  8 Pagesbeauty. The purpose of this paper is to consider the speeches presented (i.e. those of Phaedrus, Pausanias, Eryximachus, Aristophanes, and Agathon) in Plato s Symposium as separate parts that assist in an accounting of the definition and purpose of platonic love. Before considering the speeches presented in Plato s Symposium it is important to first understand Diotima s theory of love, as retold by Socrates in his speech. This overview will help in understanding how the other speeches in the dialogueRead MoreSocratess Theory Of Love1818 Words   |  8 Pages1969). The purpose of this paper is to consider the speeches presented (i.e. those of Phaedrus, Pausanias, Eryximachus, Aristophanes, and Agathon) in Plato s Symposium as separate parts that assist in an accounting of the definition and purpose of platonic love. Before considering the speeches presented in Plato s Symposium it is important to first understand Diotima s theory of love, as retold by Socrates in his speech. This overview will help in understanding how the other speeches in the dialogueRead MoreForm and Meaning of Happiness in Plato2749 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction One of the central claims of Plato’s Republic is that justice is not only desirable for its own sake, but that it maximises the happiness of those who practice it. This paper examines Plato’s arguments in support of this thesis to determine (a) what he means by happiness, (b) to what extent it exists in his proposed ideal state, and (c) whether this in any way substantiates his claims about the benefits of justice. In particular, I will argue that there are two different conceptionsRead MorePure Theory of Law1618 Words   |  7 PagesJustice has been used in our daily life in free flow but the functioning of judicial system in any place where law is supreme; the justice has been construed as what the courts do. Except this, justice can’t be traced in any other form. People who get the decision in his favour finds the court as the source of justice seconded by his happiness while on the other hand the other party would always consider the court as legitimising n othing but his sorrows. So in this way the main question arises thatRead More Justice In Book I Of The Republic Essay example889 Words   |  4 Pagesthat many other Platonic dialogues begin, with that of a question. The conversation between Socrates and the aged Cephalus becomes a philosophical discussion of what advantages money has brought to Cephalus life. Cephalus replies that money has allowed him quot;to tell the truth and pay ones debtsquot; (331 b). Nevertheless, Socrates believes this does not portray an accurate description of what justice is. The rest of the first book is a discussion of the definition of justice, mainly that ofRead MoreInterview With Plato: . Question: What Important Questions1345 Words   |  6 Pagesattempt to answer? Answer: The dialogue explores two central questions. The first question is â€Å"what is justice?† Socrates addresses this question both in terms of political communities and in terms of the individual person or soul. He do es this to address the second and driving question of the dialogue: â€Å"is the just person happier than the unjust person?† or â€Å"what is the relation of justice to happiness?† Given the two central questions of the discussion, Plato’s philosophical concerns in the

Annotated Bibliography of Articles on the Cultural...

Tattooing: Culturally Significant and Contemporarily Popular Skin Art (Annotated Bibliography) Reed, Carrie E. (2000). Tattoo in Early China. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 120(3) 360-377. Author Carrie Read reports on ancient tattooing in China, beginning with the Tang dynasty (618-907). Barbarians tattooed their bodies according to tribal beliefs and slaves were tattooed as punishment, Read explains (361). In the Kirghiz culture women tattooed the nape of the neck to indicate marital status. This is a very interesting scholarly source. Kosut, Mary. (2006). An Ironic Fad: The Commodification and Consumption of Tattoos. The Journal of Popular Culture, 39(6), 1035-1047. For the curious person who wishes to know why the American pop culture has gone wild about tattoos, and whom the tattooed stars in movie, sports, and music are, this is the perfect scholarly article. Kosut explains why tattooing has gone mainstream based on her six years of ethnographic research. Schildkrout, Enid (2004). Inscribing the Body. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33(1), 319-344. This article is basically a literature review from an anthropological perspective. Interesting references are offered identifying tattooing as culturally important in Papua New Guinea, among the Maori in New Zealand (who use flesh drawings to stamp into the mind that cultures traditions), and in Polynesia where tattoos link people with spirits (Schildkrout, 321). Bukhari, Iqbal

The Nature of God and Man Free Essays

The Nature of God and Man Utah Valley University Abstract The nature and relationship of God to man has always been human natures more important question. â€Å"As man is, god once was; as god is, man may become. † Lorenzo Snow. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of God and Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have asked myself this statement many times. What is Gods nature? What is mans nature? And human nature is God’s nature; therefore, a study of God’s nature is simultaneously a study of human nature. I will explain this statement and my beliefs about human nature and how it operates. The Nature of God and Man I wasn’t nice to other people. I was always fighting, arguing, name calling with the neighbors, as well as my teachers. I stole from department stores, I lied to my parents and coaches and teachers. I cheated on my homework and tests and my relationships. I hurt others in physical altercations. I would bully my peers verbally. I manipulated people into to doing what I wanted. I used drugs and alcohol illegally, I would drive drunk, and I disrespected my elders. I have brought embarrassment and shame to my family. I haven’t always understood mans existence and purpose here in this life. I have come to understand that my purpose, which is part of my God-given human nature, is to become like God. I have realized that very slowly as the result of many mistakes and challenges. Some, maybe most, of the experiences from my which I have learned about my nature—which is also human nature–have been negative, but, a few have been positive. A negative experience from which I learned a great deal was taking my first drink of beer at a party at my brother’s apartment when I was sixteen. That drink soon led to my becoming an alcoholic. One of the good choices I made, and there have only been a few, was to leave college–including my athletic dreams. I returned home after my sophomore year at college and spoke with my mother about some of my bad choices. I now go to court appointed counseling for the bad choices I’ve made. It feels like the last 6 years of my life have been spent cleaning up the wreckage of my past. I have learned that making decisions that violate eternal principles and laws that are irrevocably decreed in heaven bring about personal pain, anguish, and sorrow. That was true for me, and I’m sure it’s true for everyone. I have learned from the bad experiences reported above that they lead to failure and misery. People told me that, but I had to learn it myself. I have since begun to take the necessary steps to make amends and repent of these behaviors. I have entered rehabilitation centers and have met with professionals to clean up my past and to avoid those same behaviors. In other words, I have begun to listen to the God given voice inside of me that has always called me to become like God. I now have a better knowledge of my divine purpose and a greater sense of myself through understanding the nature of God and the nature of man. And what is this new understanding? God’s nature is human nature. And human nature is God’s nature; therefore, a study of God’s nature is simultaneously a study of human nature. Much of my new understanding is based on two of Christian doctrines more popular statements which I have pondered at great length. The first is from the writings of President Lorenzo Snow, â€Å"As man is, god once was; as god is, man may become. The second is that man is created in the image of god (see Doctrine and Covenants 20:18). So, I am going to spend some time discussing God’s nature because (as I will show later) it is man’s nature too. God was once as I am today, with both good and bad qualities and characteristics. He had flaws and character defects, but God was a man who desired good works and self improvement. I do not profess to know all about God; in fact I know very little. I don’t know what God was like before He became God. God was somewhat like me and He figured out over time what mattered most to his progression and happiness. God was intelligent, patient, and meek. Although at times, he also may have been frightened, angry, and alone. God has experienced some of the same, if not all of the same emotions and feeling’s human’s experience. God sinned–possibly even as humans have sinned. God became God by overcoming all his imperfections and discovering true happiness, and God desires to keep us from making some of the same mistakes. And he can do that because our nature and his nature are the same. God gave us commandments to help us to become like him. One of the most important things God learned was the existence of eternal principles. I guess that means that those eternal principles existed before God did. It was through discovering and conforming to those eternal principles that God became who God is now. He learned that these principles have consequences, and when you abide by them you receive joy, happiness, and progress. When you violate them your reward is shame, guilt, and sorrow, and you quit making progress–or become worse. One of the traits of God’s nature is the ability to change. Having learned about eternal principles, God continually strove to upgrade himself by conforming to them and increasingly realizing his potential. He continually progressed toward eventual perfection. That is called eternal progression. The need to move toward perfection is an important part of God’s nature and of human nature. God wanted to progress and was willing to pay the price for progress, God never gave up. He never quit growing, progressing, challenging himself, stretching his limitations, accepting help from others, receiving input and advice. God was willing to do whatever it took to overcome whatever stood in his way. God understood that it isn’t where he was, but where He wanted to be that counted. God’s ability to change and His desire to progress are what eventually made him into God. God also had a body, and that body was both a blessing and the source of many problems for him. It was a blessing because it seems that a spirit can only experience a limited amount, not enough to become perfect. Apparently spirits went as far as they could go as spirits, and without a body, spirits could make no more progress. That happened to God, and so somehow he was given a body. I said above that God kept learning, and one of the things he learned was that he had to control his body. His body was designed with a very basic nature: to pursue pleasure and avoid pain. God learned that his body could not always pursue pleasure. God learned through his own experience that many physical experiences, including sexual gratification must be controlled. He learned that sex is for a man and woman. It brings pleasure into the relationship, brings the couple closer together, and allows room for intimacy and growth and procreation. When this eternal principle is violated, the spirit and the body go out of harmony. Any gratification which harms or interferes with others must be deferred. Any pleasure of the body which compromises eternal principals of ethics and morality must be deferred. These are examples of eternal principles which God learned about his body. God also learned that he could not always avoid pain. How did he learn that? He learned it from the temptations, struggles, disappointments, and failures discussed earlier. God surely felt pain; he probably still feels it. We know that he weeps over lost souls. But even so he doesn’t just save them anyway in their lost state. God has learned that he can’t, so He has also learned to bear the pain. God learned that the pain of labor and hard work is a tool to strengthen us and teach us valuable lessons. God learned about the pain of loss that comes from a broken heart or the death of a loved one, the pain of separation from the Holy Spirit, the pain of disappointment that may stem from family life and close relationships, the pain of failure from school or from a goal not accomplished. God learned that while some pain can be avoided, very often pain must be endured. God learned that it is the price he must pay for progress. Another thing which God learned or discovered was the love of others. He discovered that joy comes from thinking about and serving others. At first selfishness probably seemed best to meet his needs, but God eventually discovered that self seeking didn’t really meet his needs. What he discovered was that when a person cares for another person, they care for the person in return, and even if they don’t care for the person in return, there’s a feeling of joy that comes from helping them, and that seems to be another one of those eternal principles. When God discovered how to achieve joy, he immediately experienced love. He wanted to share his knowledge with others. This is like Lehi who upon tasting the fruit of the tree of life (joy), immediately thought to share it with others. God’s love for others became his work and his glory which is to bring to pass the eternal life of mankind. (see Moses 1:39). If, as President Snow observed, â€Å"As man is, god once was; as god is, man may become,† the description of God’s nature is a description of human nature. The same eternal principles that God discovered apply as well to me and you. The principles exist and if we conform to them we get happiness, and if we don’t, we get misery. At first, it didn’t feel natural, not part of human nature, to conform to eternal principles. God calls our desire to resist change the â€Å"natural man† and the natural man has to learn to conform to those principles. Humans can either learn eternal principles from God by following his commandments, or they will learn those principles the way God did, which was the hard way. I had to learn a great many of them the hard way. I was told on many occasions that the direction my life was headed would lead me to heartache. I have since discovered, the hard way, that those people were right. God shows us those eternal principles in the form of commandments. What God discovered about life he reduced to rules called commandments so simple people can live them. If we live the commandments, we learn and live eternal principles, if we ignore the commandments we are on our own. When Abraham Maslow developed his concept of self-actualization, he chanced upon one of those eternal principles mentioned above. A result of the years which God spent struggling, learning, failing, repenting, etc, was that he learned that he could only be happy when he was realizing his potential to be perfect. It is not an accident that when Maslow set out to study human nature by studying how healthy humans act, he discovered self-actualization. Every human desires to fulfill his potential, to become all he can be. Concluding that the nature of every human being, is to strive and progress to become like God. Everything Maslow said about self actualization is true. Maslow called it self-actualization; I call it eternal progression. God purposefully placed each human being here on this earth to receive a body. God discovered that a physical body is necessary in order to have joy. But humans also need to learn to control their physical bodies. God learned that the body cannot always have pleasure and that it must endure some pain. Healthy people learn the same thing. Bodies are a great blessing if they are controlled. Humans can’t have pleasures all the time; they must be controlled. Controlling pleasures is not the same as denying pleasures; we have to learn from God what an appropriate expression of physical pleasure is and what it isn’t. God learned that you can’t avoid all pain. We feel growing pains through emotions that are not always understood by us. There are the pains of labor from working on projects and tasks that might not be very successful. We must endure the pain of sickness and death that may arrive without notice. These are all the types of discomforts which God understands from his own personal experience. Humans are social beings who instinctively, which means by their nature as humans, need to be with other people and to feel love in order to feel fulfilled and complete. The importance of social needs and friendship are greatly misunderstood. Human’s needs for friendship creates humans own self image; how a human is accepted by peers determines to a large degree their own view of their personal worth. I recall a good example of friendship and how it can influence others for good. I was struggling with some directional decisions. A friend of my brother befriended me at the local gym and after many conversations, he convinced me to play football with him and others. Through his friendship and mentoring I grew to better understand the need for good positive friends. Humans’ needs are such that social interaction and love drive us to each other. Humans need love and interaction to give them a sense of purpose, a sense of belonging, and a sense of homeostasis. Just like God, most humans learn that loving others works better than selfishness. Humans are created in such a way that human beings need nourishment, constant stimulation through verbal and non verbal communication from other people. During infants’ beginning growth they need constant contact with their parents and others, giving them the opportunity to grow and begin learning. Throughout childhood and into adolescences and on to adulthood, humans need and want other humans in their life to give them a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction. Physical embraces are common in all of life’s relationships: for example, in athletics’ high-fives and pats on the backside to congratulate one another for a job well done. Sporting teams huddle up before and during, as well as after games, in order to come together and experiences their physical and emotional state of being. It is customary in many cultures to embrace one another with hugs and kisses upon greeting one another. Man is as God once was, and God is as man may become. In addition, man was and is created in the image and likeness of God. I’ve used these two well known Christian doctrines to argue that investigating God’s nature is the best way to understand human nature. I don’t pretend to say that my ideas are Christian doctrine, but they are what I have come to believe as a result of my own personal struggles and their relationship to those two doctrines. When the day comes that I will be seated across from others, counseling them, I hope to treat them as people who are struggling, just as god may have once struggled. And it will be my job as a counselor to help them see their potential to become gods or goddesses. ? ? ? How to cite The Nature of God and Man, Papers

E-Business and Internet

Questions: Task 1:(a) Describe the environment in which e-business is conducted and define various types of e-business transactions.(b) Explain the benefits and barriers to a business considering its online presence.(c) Assess the security and legislative issues likely to be faced by the online business of FM.(d) State the different modes of communication available to an e-business and their applications.Task 2:(a) Explain internet technologies and their importance in making an E-Business successful.(b) Explain the main features of HTML. (Covers AC2.2)(c) Analyse the functions of clients-servers and browsers. Furthermore, discuss the role of search engines and its applicability for FM.(d) Evaluate the use of intranets and extranets within business communications.Task 3:(a) Illustrate how different e-business Revenue models can be used to generate revenue for a business.(b) Compare two revenue models by assessing their benefits and challenges. Analyse each model in terms of its revenue-generatin g capacity.(c) Report on future developments in e-business revenue models.Task 4:(a) Use and apply key elements of a good website design structure.(b) Evaluate the impact of a well-designed website on an e-business.(c) Report on the issues concerning website usability. Answers: Introduction: The task is all about the description and analysis of utilizing the electronic business in the FM. The upper management of the organization is keen on getting a result of analysis regarding the e-business before implementing the strategy in the national and international standard. It is because that the organization is looking forward to creating a proficient plan before investing in the implementation of the electronic business. NO matter how much the approach is good in terms of profit for the organizations, without proper information and analysis, no plan can get ahead of the boundaries of implementation. E-Business may be those haul used to depict the information frameworks and provisions that support what's more drive benefits of the business forms, habitually using web innovations (Veit et al. 2014). E-Business permits associations on joining their inward and external methods every last one of a greater amount productively and adequately, and worth of effort every last one of a greater amount personally for suppliers and accomplices to exceptional satisfies those prerequisites and goals of their clients, provoking transforms by and large benefits of the business execution. Task 1 2.1 E-Business Environment: That e-Business natures domain alludes of the greater business setting, alternately the full-scale environment that incorporates those mechanical, social, monetary furthermore political segments. The virtual companionship might make a bit of the miniaturized scale surroundings which incorporates the association, the business What's more its benefits of the business parts (Loukis and Charalabidis 2013). Keep in mind an e-Business may embrace a hierarchical methodology that we would call a virtual association. Micro environment refers to the environment where the individuals that are within the organization are associated with the everyday tasks of the business. On the other hand, the environment in which the individuals whore outside of the organization and have direct effect on the business are referred to a as macro environment (Hansen and Salim 2014). As per the business that FM conducts, among the five different business transactions, B2C or business to the customer will be the best option as through it, FM can connect to the consumers directly. The other types of transactions are B2B or business to business, C2C or customer to customer, B2G or business to government and m-commerce or mobile commerce (Savrul, Incekara and Sener 2014). The organizations such as Ebay and Amazon can be taken as an example of selling products directly to the consumer. The website of the organization consists of various products for displaying and selling. The customers can directly compare different products simultaneously so that they can check which product is more relevant to their needs. It also provides the opportunity to buy the product and return if it is not up to the need of the consumer. The consumers can be active notifications. The notifications are sent to the e-mails of the consumer if their requested product arrives at the online store (Curty and Zhang 2013). 2.2 Advantages and Challenges of the E-Business: 2.2.1 Benefit of Electronic Business: The favorable circumstances from claiming executing e-Business units are not such an incredible measure in the use from claiming innovation, in any case instead in the streamlining for benefits of the business methods and the Straightforwardness to finding new business sectors (Combe 2012). A part of the focuses for premium Furthermore impediments include: Quicker and secure requesting correspondences. Strengthened showcasing abilities Furthermore compass. Stretched hours for operation. A web page provides for 24-hour seven-day information will existing what's more possibility customers (Wee et al. 2015). Get on a greater amount far-reaching information through investigation. Diminishing that liability for attempting together Eventually Tom's perusing bringing down return expenses Furthermore Extending profitable methodologies for installment, for example, using web sparing cash What's more lessening stationery Also postage costs (Combe 2012). The possibilities should get new arrangements for movement Furthermore make uniquely designed customer help. 2.2.2 Challenges of Implementing E-Business: Distinctive issues identifying with the use for new advancement fuse security issues, choice of web portion instrument flying Also it's the middle of operability, the middle of operability from claiming improvement Furthermore mechanical application, comparative acquiring capacities, riches What's more profundity of information open over the Internet, nonattendance from claiming robust framework, nonattendance from claiming e-trade guidelines, sending for open magic base should enable identity confirmation, specific joining for new improvement with existing applications, and secondary expense for exchange pace (McElheran 2015). Tests associated with real Furthermore managerial structure fuse that inconvenience done Dealing with and upholding norms, due to nonattendance for predictable standards and strategies; conventions Furthermore charge gathering vulnerabilities Furthermore legislature intercession. 2.3 Security and Legislative Issues: 2.3.1 Security Issues: The prime security issue in terms of online transactions is the theft and manipulation of data. The internet is a very insecure path for information flow. The attackers can get their hand easily on the data. For minimizing the issues, FM can implement S-HTTP and SSL. S-HTTP or Secured Hypertext Transaction Protocol provides the possibilities of encrypting the information along with the user authentication (Dinesha and Agrawal 2013). It is also capable of integrating a digital signature that will indicate that whether the information was not stolen or influenced. Another way of minimizing the risk is through the secure socket layers or SSL. Both the TCP/IP protocols and HTTP get influenced by the SSL (Georgiev et al. 2012). 2.3.2 Legislative Issues: The absence of client trust, neighborly proposals, and encryption of SSL administrations and assurance of various FM partners, financial specialists, and banks are some of the legislative issues that the organization can face while carrying out e-business. The issue of authorized development rights is one unmistakable managerial issue that is without further ado going up against the electronic business. Primarily the e-business works at a worldwide level. There are similarly stresses over the legal authenticity of electronic trades (Veit et al. 2014). This illuminates why various administrative over the globe are extraordinarily reluctant to pass charges that can propel e-business within their countries. 2.4 Mode of Communication: E-mail is also known as electronic mail which is the most used mode of communication in the originations. FM can use the e-mail for establishing a sound communication within and outside of the organization (Denstadli, Julsrud and Hjorthol 2012). The method of communication which does not need any human interaction for sending a set of information from one computer to another as a message format is known as electronic data interchange. Through this, the organization's system can gather the relevant information from one another automatically. As a result, the flow of the processes will be quicker. Fax, e-mail, memo and letter and voice mail are referred to as part of the one-way mode of communication. Phone call conversation, chats, and video calling are considered as the way tow mode of communication. FM will be using both types of commensuration for so that the decisions and information flow can get a faster edge. Along with this type of communication, collaborative communication such as meeting will be held by the higher authority (Andam 2014). Task 2: 3.1 Internet Technologies and Importance of It: The significance of web in e-business is: Amplifies deals. Lessens general costs administration procedures of FM. Empowers the shoppers to work 24x7. Spares time multifaceted nature. It allows the FM administration to construct online exchanges quick and simple. Few generic internet technologies are internet communication technology, cloud computing, information technology or IT, website and much more. The e-commerce websites assist the organizations to sell their products online. Through the website, organizations can reach the consumers from around the world, and the data from the website can be utilized for making future patterns and plans (Bung 2014). The cloud computing will be used for utilizing the resources remotely. The data centers will be conducting the task of storing the information. Big data is the term that reflects the idea of handling the huge amount of data. The organization, FM will be utilizing all the technologies simultaneously for carrying out the activities of business properly and efficiently. 3.2 Features of HTML: The principle components of HTML: It can be effortlessly reasonable and altered; it gives more practically identical approach to planning static site outline, utilization of sound and realistic recordings can be included an HTML page, it is anything but difficult to show the HTML report to any stage and utilizing organizing labels viable presentations can likewise be made (Osmonbekov and Gruen 2013). Many parts of the site have been done by integrating various features in the WiX, free web development tool. It provides various options for developing the dynamic website. It is a development tool like one of the most popular web development tool WordPress. 3.3 Functions of Browser and Client Server Model: The website can be referred to the interface through which the consumer will connect to the organization. The client server framework assists the electronic business in terms of allowing the sharing of information among the individual the server and the computers. Seeking is the one of the significant publicizing innovation most of the web client found the e-trade site by means of searchingness (Camarinha, Afsarmanesh and Rabelo 2013). Google is one of the significant web crawlers on the web. Functionality of client servers and browsers: It permits the association to make programming with an extensive variety of access hardware. It makes a customer server framework to customize the transfer speed execution by making both servers that imagine individual information. It makes a division of sorted out work between a decentralized server and PCs people. 3.3.1 Role of Search Engine: The part of web search engine is extremely pivotal for all association. It empowers the F and M administration to seek the data and make an overview of customers and business sector change (Gloor 2012). If FM pays the highest cost, then it will get the top web index out comes. Dynamic sites make the FM take action adaptable with proper suppositions. 3.4 Utilization of Intranet and Extranet: The intranet refers to the communication that occurs within the organization. On the other hand, the extranet will be using for connecting the different branches and other aspects of the FM's business. The principle employments of intranets in business insightful are profitability, corporate interchanges, streamline forms, a joint effort of goad and learning administration. The fundamental employments of extranets in business discerning are: expanded profitability, decreased safety buffer, adaptability, precise and convenient correspondence, shorter time to advertise, lessened stock and built dedication of clients (Chen and Lo 2015). Task 3: 4.1 E-business Revenue Models: The mossycup oak well known five income models would be an entry to clients to on the web research, endorser information entry to email marketing, income from CPC promoting for site, income from sponsorship of webpage areas or substance sorts and income from membership entry to content. Income from membership right to content alludes will be a extension from claiming reports camwood make gotten should to a period of a month or conventionally a quite a while. For instance, In somebody subscribes to ft. Com to the right of the propelled improvement zone for around 80 GBP consistently several about quite some time former. Keen Insights master people bring a yearly participation in this structure (Andam 2014). CPC remains to "Cost for every Click". Publicists need aid charged not recently to the amount about times their promotions are shown, In any case similarly as shown toward those amount of times they need aid clicked (Amit and Zott 2012). These need aid conventionally message promotions in backed associations inside a web list yet passed on through an arrangement for outcast sitesby once A web crawler, for example, the Google Adsense organize. An instance of an association that utilization along these lines will manage draw to pay to start with reviews may be the juvenile webpage Dubit. Acknowledging these approaches with manager salary time together, the site proprietor will attempt to use the best mix of these systems with support the money (Morris et al. 2015). To assess how feasible notable pages or locales clinched alongside their portfolio need aid In handling income, they will use two methodologies. The initial will be the eCPM or effective cost per thousand. 4.2 Compression of Revenue Models: Access to customers for online research: This takes a gander at the aggravator they could charge (or cosset to publicists) for each page or site. Through Extending those amount of advancement units for each page this worth will increase. This is the motivation behind you will see exactly destinations which would mess with promotions (Morris et al. 2015). The opposite differentiating choice will overview page or web page salary generating sufficiency may be income for every click (RPC), which will generally be known as income for every click (EPC). This may be particularly discriminating for part promoters who benefit through requisition when their visitors explore with outcast retail destinations, to the example, Amazon, What's more subsequently purchase all the there. Revenue from CPC advertising on the site: Typical costs for every snap camwood a chance to be shockingly high, i. E. They are in the range GBP 0. ten should " GBP 4, yet All over there up to GBP 40 to a couple of classifications, for example, "life coverage" that need a secondary regard of the promoter. The wage to look web devices alternately distributors from these wellsprings might similarly be a sensible degree for this. Google system incomes through Ads make around 33% for Google's money. For me, those Google's substance frameworks would a standout amongst the best privileged insights On web showcasing with web indexes, for example, Google making through 33% from claiming their wage from that system, yet a couple of promoters not seeing their Notices need aid constantly indicated previous web indexes hence not loaded for this have (Amit and Zott 2012). 4.3 Report on Future Developments in E-Business Revenue Models: E-business will convert under The greater part demandable benefits of the business system to retailer cooperations to future because of its day Furthermore night openness Also secure associations. All the more changed associations clinched alongside client schema will empower those retailers to move forward those client dependability. That e-business may be instantly transformed Concerning illustration for every adaptable device, for instance, tablets, moved units Furthermore different mobiles (Bung 2014). Shopping provisions have needed an unfathomable impact with respect to this. Those e-business technique ought will make particular, profit arranged, expense arranged Furthermore client orchestrated. What's to change done e-business salary models must have a chance to be established around orchestrating for Different methodology, scope, exercises, dangers, acquisition, wander plan Furthermore advantage about logbook. Those salary model ought on be authentically arranged, ought should a chance to be bargains poor Furthermore must a chance to be viewed as alongside the examination (Combe 2012). The determination Also execution about operational cosset must be palatable. Keep going then again not those base the f What's more m organization must have the ability should recover that framework about theory. Task 4: 5.1 Key Elements of Good Website Design: It is consist of the following. The design and interface of the website is eye catchy for most of the consumers. The FM website assists the visitor and the consumer for verifying and validating various information of an FM portfolio. In terms of market, online customer data and product segmentation utilization of the FMs website is very useful. The key elements of the good website are such as Mobile friendly, proper layout, builds trust, good software engine optimization, fast load time, creditability, blogs, social media content, photo gallery, clear call to action, and advertisement criterion. 5.2 Evaluation of the Well-Designed Website of the Organization: A decent FM site helps numerous clients; get dependent on numerous item and administrations. Presently a-days, the entire client base needs online offices rather than conventional administrations (Kavoura et al. 2013). In the event that F and M makes a gorgeous site which serve online administrations to its clients; it makes an enormous effect like the firm online test, nonattendance of the physical nearness of items, spares times intricacy, builds effectiveness and profitability. The site empowers the business administration to build its deals and pick up client sections. The usage and appropriation of an appealing looking working environment of business get to be less demanding and more advantageous to work online in 24x7 hours. Pictures and representations must be completely used (Wiengarten et al. 2013). E-business is especially useful and helpful to each F and M administration. The effect of the site in business serves a mainstay of limit in all divisions. 5.3 Issues with Website Usability: Over use of advertisement, poor reading, and poor formatting are the prime issues that are faced regarding the website usability. If the website is consisting of too much advertisement, then the visitor will get irritated by closing the advertisement continuously. In addition with that, some of the ads make the user confused the contents of the advertisement may be similar (Kavoura et al. 2013). The poor reading issue is another thing that hampers the experience of the visitor greatly. The visitors get a good experience if the website is rightly organized with the information. It means that it has balanced amount of images and texts. 6. Conclusion: From the above study it can be concluded that the integration of the E-Business in the organization, FM will bring a great advantage in terms of reaching the existing and possible customers. On the hypothesis side, it contributes another reasonable structure investigating how clients' abilities may impact the imaginative action of business sector pioneers. Instead of simply introducing a novel point of view for thought, it grounds the investigation in the commonplace domain by expanding existing advancement ideas into the business procedure setting. It centers extra consideration, notwithstanding, on the part that process multifaceted nature and client effect may play on Pioneer conduct. This gives a springboard to testing existing instincts in another setting and persuades a methodology for unraveling interior gratings from outside ones in new ways. The exact commitment originates from utilizing rich information on employments of new Internet innovations that compare well to the edg es of firm conduct highlighted in the structure and traverse a reach of industry settings. The outcomes, which would be blocked off without the abundance of data on both firm inner attributes and outside business sector linkages, yield a riddle for inside established clarifications of firm conduct. The watchful thought of client contribution to the creative procedure recommends that, in the business process setting, market pioneers are most ready to develop when their clients are as well. References: Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41. Bung, M., 2014. Virtual, Wearable Communication for E-Business. Technological Ontology and Advances in Sociologically Transformational Systems Engineering, 1(1). Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Afsarmanesh, H. and Rabelo, R. eds., 2013. E-business and Virtual Enterprises: managing business-to-business cooperation (Vol. 56). Springer. Chen, Y.J. and Lo, A.L., 2015. Design and Implementation of Construction System with High-Availability Application Service Environment.International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering,7(6), p.357. Combe, C., 2012. Introduction to e-business. Routledge. Curty, R.G. and Zhang, P., 2013. Website features that gave rise to social commerce: a historical analysis.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(4), pp.260-279. Denstadli, J.M., Julsrud, T.E. and Hjorthol, R.J., 2012. Videoconferencing as a Mode of Communication A Comparative Study of the Use of Videoconferencing and Face-to-Face Meetings.Journal of Business and Technical Communication,26(1), pp.65-91. Dinesha, H.A. and Agrawal, V.K., 2013. Framework design of secure cloud transmission protocol.IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues,10(1), pp.1694-0784. Georgiev, M., Iyengar, S., Jana, S., Anubhai, R., Boneh, D. and Shmatikov, V., 2012, October. The most dangerous code in the world: validating SSL certificates in non-browser software. InProceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security(pp. 38-49). ACM. Gloor, P., 2012. Making the e-business Transformation. Springer Science Business Media. Hansen, E. and Salim, N., 2014.CEO 3e; Wood-based Entrepreneurs Toolkit: Finding Market Information. Corvallis, Or.: Forest Research Laboratory, College of Forestry, Oregon State University. Loukis, E.N. and Charalabidis, Y.K., 2013. An empirical investigation of information systems interoperability business value in European firms.Computers in Industry,64(4), pp.412-420. McElheran, K., 2015. Do market leaders lead in business process innovation? The case (s) of e-business adoption. Management Science, 61(6), pp.1197-1216. Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., Richardson, J. and Allen, J., 2015. Is the business model a useful strategic concept? Conceptual, theoretical, and empirical insights.Journal of Small Business Strategy,17(1), pp.27-50. Osmonbekov, T. and Gruen, T., 2013. Manufacturerreseller e-business arrangements: The impact of inequity on relationship performance and the moderating role of dependence. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(6), pp.872-879. Savrul, M., Incekara, A. and Sener, S., 2014. The Potential of E-commerce for SMEs in a Globalizing Business Environment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, pp.35-45. Van der Wee, M., Verbrugge, S., Sadowski, B., Driesse, M. and Pickavet, M., 2015. Identifying and quantifying the indirect benefits of broadband networks for e-government and e-business: A bottom-up approach.Telecommunications Policy,39(3), pp.176-191. Veit, D., Clemons, E., Benlian, A., Buxmann, P., Hess, T., Kundisch, D., Leimeister, J.M., Loos, P. and Spann, M., 2014. Business models.Business Information Systems Engineering,6(1), pp.45-53. Veit, D., Clemons, E., Benlian, A., Buxmann, P., Hess, T., Kundisch, D., Leimeister, J.M., Loos, P. and Spann, M., 2014. Business models. Business Information Systems Engineering, 6(1), pp.45-53.

Pizza Colosseum Essay Example

Pizza Colosseum Essay Mr Suits is the owner of a pizza restaurant Pizza Colosseum. Mr Suits wants to open up new branches. At the moment his restaurant only has a very dull looking and unattractive menu. It is simply a list of the food available typed up using a word processor. Although he has many regular customers, many of his customers judge the restaurant when they see the uninspiring menu. He needs a new menu in order to attract more customers to raise enough profit to expand.Sometimes, the customers want to know whether a dish is vegetarian or not, spicy or not. They also want to know what ingredients are in the pizza, sometimes the waiters/waitresses are busy and do have the time to answer these questions or do not actually know them. Consideration of Alternative Solutions One solution could be to produce an attractive menu by hiring an artist to draw up an eye-catching menu. This could then be colour photocopied and distributed. However, colour photocopying is very expensive and a hand drawn menu does not seem very professional. Every time the menu has to be updated, the artist has to be hired again and the design photocopied all over again.Another solution could be to use the current word processor method but add the extra needed content such as description of dishes and suitable for vegetarian symbols. We will write a custom essay sample on Pizza Colosseum specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pizza Colosseum specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pizza Colosseum specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Multiple copies could than be printed and put in the restaurant. This would definitely be more effective than a hand drawn menu. But a word processor is not as suitable for this task as a desktop publishing program.The final option is to use a desktop publishing program; it contains many features, which are suitable for the production of a menu. It can print the menu in special folds such as three-fold. Images can also be easily rotated and cropped to fit the page, text and images can be layered over each other and arranged to fit the page. Multiple copies can be printed and placed in the restaurant or even posted to residents in the area.Following considerations of the possible solutions I find that a desktop publishing program would be the most appropriate solution. This is because it contains all the features that are very useful for the making of a menu. There is more control over the way text is arranged and formatted. A desktop publishing program is more sophisticated than word-processing software because complex page layouts can be produced which are needed to produce a menu with folds. Frames can be used to insert text and pictures into, these can be moved around and resized. Simple formatting can be done on pictures such as rotation. It is also relatively cost effective as printing costs much less than colour photocopying; it can also be easily changed when prices or dishes change.User RequirementsMr Suits has gave me some necessities for the menu, these objectives must be implemented: 1. The menu must be able to fit into a pocket 2. The menu must be printed on to a sheet of A4 3. The sheet of paper must be printed on both sides 4. The menu must include a map of the restaurant 5. The menu must contain a correct list of dishes and description of them 6. The menu must include a picture of a pizza 7. There must not be any spelling or grammatical errors 8. It must contain the restaurant logo 9. The file must be password protectedPart Two Analyse Introduction Using Microsoft Publisher, I will create a menu the names, description and prices of dishes and other information about the restaurant. This will include a description map of the location of the restaurant, opening times and how to contact it.Appropriate Software and HardwareThe most important program that I will be using is Microsoft Publisher version 2000. Publisher is the most widely used desktop publisher program and comes with Microsoft Office, which Mr Suits currently has. I will use the Microsoft Windows XP operating system in which it runs, Jasc Softwares Paint Shop Pro 7 to manipulate images, for example place an arrow on the scanned in map and create the companys logo on computer. Microsoft Internet Explorer will be needed to obtain clip art pictures from clips online. Compression software with password protection is needed to save hard disk space, a menu does not have to be altered regularly so extracting the file will not be too much of a bother. A virus checker is needed to protect the menu stored on the hard drive from virus attacks and a firewall to protect against unauthorised access by hackers.The hardware required will be a PC, a AMD Athlon XP 2000+ processor- with a Nvidia GeForce Ti 4200 graphics card, 60GB hard disk, 256MB RAM, 19.0 CRT screen which Mr Suits bought a few months ago. The PC is suitable for the creation of this website as the processor is relatively fast and Publisher does not require a particularly fast computer. I will also need a simple mouse for performing commands and a keyboard for inputting text and a scanner to scan the location map of the restaurant. I will need a digital camera to take the picture of a pizza. A colour inkjet printer is needed to print the menu as colour would be more attractive to customers and would appear more professional.Data InputMr Suits will give me all the information I need for the menu: names of dishes, description of dishes, restaurant information, terms and conditions, logo. The text information will be using a keyboard. This information will be proof read and spell checked. A digital camera will take the picture of a pizza made in the. I will remake the logo using Paint Shop Pro. I will scan a map in and add an arrow to show the exact location of the restaurant.I will get a clip art of a chilli (which represents a hot dish) through the World Wide Web from Microsofts clips online as there are no clip art of chillies in Microsoft Clip Art gallery, however there is pizza and a photo of peppers which I will use. I will obtain picture of credit cards accepted from the Internet also. I will draw using Paint Shop Pro, the pictures that will be part of the design of the menu. All pictures needed for the menu will be saved in the JPEG format to ensure good quality when printed before being inserted into the menu.

The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz--The Tragic Fa Essays

The Apprenticeship of Duddy KravitzThe Tragic Fa Essays The Apprenticeship of Duddy KravitzThe Tragic Fall of Duddy A man must pursue his dreams. This is certainly true for everyone of the humankind, for if there were no dreams, there would be no reason to live. Duddy Kravitz understands this perfectly, that is why he is one of the most ambitious young men of his time. From the moment he hears his grandfather says, "A man without land is nobody," he is prepared to seek the land of his dream no matter what the cost would be. This ambition of his is very respectable, but unfortunately his methods are damnable. Duddy is a relentless pursuer; a formidable competitor and also a ruthless manipulator. It is true that he has obtained all the land that he desires at the end, but he succeeds through immoral, despicable and contemptible means. It is clear then, that Duddy has failed in his apprenticeship and has become the "scheming little bastard" that Uncle Benjy has warned him against. There is no doubt that Duddy is very shrewd and clever, but his lack of moral principles attributes to his final failure. In fact, his immorality can be traced back to a very young age. During his study in the parochial school, he already earns money through methods that hardly comply to virtues of any kind. Taking advantage of the fact that minors cannot be sued in Canada, Duddy defrauds stamp companies and sells stolen hockey sticks. Perhaps he cannot distinguish right from wrong; perhaps he does not care, but nonetheless it is not proper for him to engage himself into these kinds of activities. Duddy emerges himself deeper into the sea of corruption when he establishes Dudley Kane Enterprises. With his limited knowledge of movie making and his mistaken trust in John Friar, his firm produces bar-mitzvah films of extremely poor quality. The bar-mitzvah film for Mr. Cohen, for example, is obviously a failing product. "Duddy didnt say a word all through the screening but afterwards he was sick to his stomach." After the screening, Duddy says to Mr. Friar, "I could sell Mr. Cohen a dead horse easier than this pile of ." However, realizing the obvious faultiness of the film, Duddy does not talk candidly to his client. Instead, he untruthfully says that the film is a phenomenal piece of art and that he is entering it into the Cannes Festival. By doing so, he deceives the Cohen family into buying the defective bar-mitzvah film of Bernie. As a matter of fact, Kravitz is not only skillful in handling situations, but he is also very apt in manipulating people. This can be clearly seen in his relationships with Virgil and Yvette. Duddy is never loved in his family, so originally Duddy is quite content to know that there is someone who cares about him Yvette. He finds great comradeship in her and has also enjoyed great sex with her. But as time passes by, Yvette becomes only a tool to him. He uses her as a medium through which he can buy the land that he lusts for; because he is a minor and he cannot legally own land. "The farmers would be wary of a young Jew, they might jack up prices or even refuse to sell, but another French-Canadian would not be suspect." Duddy also treats her as a sexual toy. He makes love with Yvette whenever he wants it, but he does not take Yvettes feelings into consideration: "Yvette wanted to wait, but Duddy insisted, and they made love on the carpet." He never pays any respect to Yvette and he does "...not know how to treat a woman." With Virgil, Duddy takes advantage of his physical disabilities. After selling the pinball machines that Virgil brought him to ease his financial troubles, Duddy does not want to repay Virgil. Using the fact that Virgil is an epileptic and that it is very difficult for him to be hired, Duddy employs him as a driver. But Duddy tells him that a truck would be necessary for the task, and that he can provide Virgil with the perfect vehicle for one thousand dollars the exact amount that he owes Virgil. Virgil is innocent enough not to know what is happening. He is also very grateful and flattered to know that Mr. Kravitz is willing to hire him. He accepts the job immediately, and thus, Duddy does not need to reimburse Virgil. It is quite ironic that Duddy, being such a good manipulator of people,

Research Project Proposal on Emerging Technologies

Project on Emerging Technologies - Research Proposal Example To begin with, tutors want to be able to collaborate with their as well as colleagues using a means that is relatively cheap or free since educators spend a lot of their own money on numerous resources (Wylie, 2012). Twiddla provides software based on the internet that has free access and this is perfect for any meeting that does not need privacy or the need to login at a later time to look at saved meetings. The platform also has a set of math symbols that can be embedded on the whiteboard spaces being used by a teacher or students (Bernard, 2011). This is important since it is difficult to conduct a math discussion without the symbols required and many sites do not integrate these symbols in their boards. Collaborating using Twiddla simply necessitates a computer, a browser and a link to the internet so that the students and teachers do have to download software which is very helpful and all the host is required to do is start a meeting after which he or she shares the URL provided with the others and the meeting can go on. Apart from the invite that is hassle-free, all the tools are easy to use and need minimal explanation making them practical for the K-12 classroom. The site allows the students to explore each tool without worrying about ruining anything or making mistakes since it integrates an erase tool or the option of starting on a new sheet. One characteristic of Twiddla that makes it more conducive to progressive learning methods is that gives all the users an ability to make on the whiteboard in an easy way. Typically, in the case of an in-person classroom, only the teacher marks on the whiteboard and this cannot be blamed on the teaching philosophy but rather has more to do with the logical constraints of having many students moving up and down in the classroom and standing in front of the whiteboard so that they

The Success of Rio Tintos Moves to India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Success of Rio Tintos Moves to India - Essay Example Tinto’s machines include Bulldozer, compact excavation machines, shredders, and grinders2. The mine raw materials from the mines are treated using fans. After treatment stage, decomposition and purification process follows immediately. The result of the two phases is a semi-solid product. This product is concentrated to a finished final product. The report summarizes the results of feasibility study in India. Rio Tinto proposes to use India as a distribution centre for its copper products. This company has taken this decision because of limited copper ores in India. Their plans are to extract and smelt copper using the sophisticated machinery from their company in Australia. They will then export copper products to enormous market in India. In this way, Rio Tinto will tap the untapped Indian market. They intend to take advantage of the large populace population in India. Rio is confident that India will not import copper product anymore from other countries. It expects a fair marketplace in India. Expansion of market to any region of this world is a challenge3. This is a guiding principle at the heart of the Rio Tinto management. Rio Tinto seeks important details on India’s technology level, the available workforce, and the type of infrastructure. Since India will serve as a distribution point, the company does not require a manufacturing plant. Rio Tinto is aware of possible market risk in the foreign nations. Technology is a very critical in the expansion of Rio Tinto’s. This is the reason why it has to do an in-depth research on market prospects in India. The report seeks to address many issues, which are central to the success of Rio Tinto’s moves to India. To start with, it will evaluate political environment in terms of India’s government stability. Next, it will discuss the legal framework with key interest in business law, labor laws, and taxation law. This is very crucial because the laws stipulate the procedures of e xport and import trade. The report will investigate both economic and socio-cultural environment. It will endeavor to assess tax policies, currency exchange rates, and inflation rates in India. Later it will survey the technological aspect of business environment and analyze external and internal factors, which affect Rio Tinto. This is the SWOT analysis. Finally, the report will give its recommendations to the Rio Tinto’s management on the feasibility of India as their market target4. 2.0 Political Environment 2.1. Government stability The India’s current government under Pratibha Patil has sound policies to promote direct foreign investments. The government embraces global trade links. They have a stable political system whereby they hold elections after every five years. Their rich democratic system receives acknowledgement globally. 2.2 Government and contribution Health investment policies attract a large pool of both domestic and foreign investors. The Foreign in vestment policy came into effect back in 1991. This policy has undergone through major reforms to suit the interest of investors. Currently the policy allows automatic and government-administered ways of investment5. The foreign investment policy is friendly enough to permits investor from outside to collaborate with either local or their foreign counterparts. 2.3 Analysis Indian government shows political will.

Progressive Era Through the Great Depression Research Paper

Progressive Era Through the Great Depression - Research Paper Example However, we can say that the timing was a bit different across various nations. This was the most wide spread, deepest and longest depression within the twentieth century. This period of immense depression started in the United States starting with a fall in stock prices and the subsequent crash of the stock market and then spread to the other nations of the world (Bernanke, 2000). This period of depression had devastating effects in many nations that it hit characterizing a plunge in international trade, a rise in the unemployment levels with magnificent falls in prices and profits. The various developmental industries got hit hard causing collapse of some. Historical turning points of the enormous depression mainly concentrated on the measures that brought about a halt that reversed the trend and effects of the depression. In most nations, the acclaimed depression recovery started at around the year 1933 and took over a decade to return the economy back to normal and stability. Roosevelt’s introduction of the new deals policies was the first principal cause and accelerator of the recovery process. However, they lacked aggressiveness to return the economy back to normal. Such policies were inclusive of the banking act of 1935. The advent of the World War II also favored the reverse of depression and raise in the economy as government spending on the war stopped and the funds reverted to rising of the economy.

History of Abstract Art Movement

History of Abstract Art Movement In order to explore the best way to present abstraction in works, I will review almost a hundred year history and theories, which developed during those periods, then I will analyze the detail of a couple of abstract artists who have had significant influence on me. Through this review and analysis of abstract art, I believe I can find a factor for successful abstract art works, and a fundamental element on which abstract will be kept alive and achieve further development in the future. These fundamental elements and criteria of abstraction are also the issues I am trying to explore and present in my own works. I want to start with the definition of abstract art, Herbert Read gave the following definition in practice we call abstract all works of art which, though they may start from the artists awareness of an object in the external world, proceed to make a self-consistent and independent aesthetic unity in no sense relying on an objective equivalent (Read, 1936: 150). From the point of view of the definition above, abstract art first emerged between 1910 and 1920, evolving throughout the 20th, there is no particular moment when abstract art was born, and the form of the abstraction can be found in the earliest peoples with symbolic or present objective by signs in pottery, picture in textiles and rock, it is made of line and circle, It is showing the certain communication of abstract. The abstraction in aesthetic could also be traced back to Plato, who in his dialogue philebus said I do not mean by beauty of form such beauty as that of animals and pictures but understand me to mean straight lines and circles, and the plane or solid figures which are formed out of them by turning-lathes and rulers and measures of angles; for these I affirm to be not only relatively and absolutely beautiful.'(Jowett,1907: 191). However, the element of abstraction applied in painting was found in the painting Grainstack by Claude Monet, founder of French Impressionism. Between the mid-nineteenth century and early twentieth, France was the undoubted art centre of the west, French impressionism was the origin of initial abstraction, the subject became less important than before, As Paul Gauguin said, Do not paint too much after nature. Art is an abstraction; derive this abstraction from nature while dreaming before it, and think more of the creation which will result than nature.'(Gauguin,1888: 60). Vincent van Gogh was inspired about by abstraction from music, he regarded music as a self-contained language without reference. This point may help me understand the application of colour in painting, a more general development of abstract art, an art that should deal with colours as music does with sound. (Santayana, 1955: 47). Those practices by the impressionist artists had a comprehensive impact on 20th centur y art, which broke the rules of academic painting, and focused on visual effects instead of details, this led to the advent of abstraction in art. Impressionism was reinforced by symbolism and other art movements, and this developed abstraction. Maurice Denis, a French symbolism painter, he is also a writer he said in his proposal: Remember that a picture, before being a battle horse, a nude, an anecdote or whatnot, is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order (Chipp,1968: 94).His theories have fundamental contribute to the cubism and fauvism. Those art movements also took the process of abstract art further. There are other new models among the other arts not just the form of art traditional painting and sculpture, which affect the development of abstraction in this period. I have mentioned music above, which was respected by visual artists and critics. Architecture can also be seen as a model of application and abstraction in Bauhaus. Poetry, in particular is worth mentioning in relation to abstraction, Arthur Rimbaud and Stà ©phane Mallarmà ©, the symbolist poets are well known for finding relationship between the linguistic sign, reality and coded meaning. Those two symbolism poets have common ground in abstraction with the pioneers of abstract art Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian who will be discussed later, all four poets and painters in respective art forms provoked awareness of the problematic nature of the relation between sign and object (Reynolds, 1995: 1) The pioneers of abstraction were Wasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian two Russians and a Dutchman. They relied less on the form of the uncertain, and more on universal values, based on philosophical or mystical doctrines. It is worth mentioning before talking about those pioneers that the German historian Wilhelm Worringers doctoral dissertation Abstraction and Empathy was published in 1907 by the publisher, Reinhard Piper. Abstraction and empathy were two opposing poles, this counter-pole to the need for empathy appears to us to be the urge to abstraction. My primary concern in this essay is to analyse this urge and to substantiate the importance it assumes within the evolution of art (Worringer, 1907:14) For Worringer, empathy relates to three-dimensional space while abstraction is a flat, crystalline. Empathy is individual; abstraction is collective. Where empathy is curves, abstraction is the direct and straight line. Such abstraction does not make use of any natural object as a model, and the geometric line is distinguished from the natural object precisely by the fact that it does not stand in any natural context. (Worringer, 1907:20). Additionally, empathy is like ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy, while abstraction is like ancient Egypt and medieval Europe. For Worringer, Greek temples are about empathy, and the pyramids are the sum of abstraction. Worringer was influential to abstract art because he thought abstract art is not secondary or lower than realist art, and worthy of respect. His theories lift up the application of abstraction in pre-war European art. Although the abstract art pioneer Kandinsky did not refer to Worringer in his books, he was familiar with Worringers work, and their books were published by the same editor, Reinhard Piper, because Kandinsky had a very strong personality, he did not owe anything to Worringer. From 1910 to 1914, Kandinsky broke through traditional art ever more than before both in practice and theory, he started art forms based on the nature; and then he transformed those to the completed abstract form. He was the first artist to publish theories about abstraction, in Concerning the Spiritual in art and for him, it seems, abstraction is synonymous with symbol. Kazimir Malevich is another pioneer Russian abstract artist, and he is also the founder of the Avant-garde Suprematist movement, which focused on fundamental geometric forms. In 1916, he supposed his art was pure and without any trace of the objects found in nature. Piet Mondrian had significant influence to the De Stijl art movement, and he seems to be different in development from Kandinsky and Malevich, not only in forms but also in style of composition. He had started to use the words abstract and abstraction since 1915. He wanted art to be a high reality which was beyond nature and would help viewers to reach the greatest understanding and knowledge. Nevertheless, Mondrian shared the same inspiration with other two pioneers Kandinsky and Malevich, and they all have their ideas in the teaching of Theosophy, which was founded by Madame Blavatsky in modern society in New York 1875. Theosophists insist that those activities such as the philosophy, science, arts, commerce, religion and philanthropy, make people much closer to the Absolute. Kandinsky and Mondrian intended to use the painting to help people to get a spiritual revival. They have other similar points as well, firstly, Kandinsky and Mondrian found a certain connection between painting and music, which is the nearest art form to abstraction; it can convert the emotion purely without any external references. Secondly, they all use colour as language, representing certain meanings, for instance Kandinsky defines red as blood, blue as heaven, Mondrian named red as outward, and blue as inward. Finally, they all wanted to utilize abstraction to achieve freedom of expression. After World War I, Constructivism was a major postwar abstract movement in Europe, which had utopian and political implications for abstraction, and new technology and new media also had an effected like as radio and cinema. As a result, a much wider range of public could be reached and affected by abstract art. There were three groups of constructivism in different countries, De Stijl in the Netherland, Bauhaus in Germany, and the Constructivists in Soviet Union respectively. De Stijl was a Dutch movement founded by Van Doesburg in 1917, and artists shared certain ideas about geometric abstraction. As Van Doesburg said: we speak of concrete and not abstract painting because nothing is more concrete, more real than a line , a colour, a surface (Balj, 1974: 181) They used pure abstraction to make the objective to basic pattern and colour; and simply visualised them to the vertical and horizontal directions, coclour h black and white were basically applied. De Stijl was of great importance in spreading abstraction throughout Europe during that period. Walter Gropius, A German architect set up the Bauhaus in 1919 in the city of Weimar. The teaching program was seen to unite all relevant arts, which are including architecture, painting, weaving and stained glass. Abstraction was clearly the language of all aspects of the Bauhaus. Kandinsky was one of the teachers, and during this period, he developed his theories in arts, he emphasized that the resounding triad: Romantic, Germanic, Slavic would be the basis for all future developments in abstraction.( Lindsay, 1982: 514). The most important influence on Bauhaus is modernism, which can be traced back to the later 19 century and early 20 century. Modernism are whose who think in different and board way compared to traditional way in many fields such as religious faith, literature, social organization, architecture, and daily life. Modernism has appeared in Germany before world war †¦Ã‚ ¡, though conservatism was still dominant. The design innovations commonly in Bauhaus is the mu ch more simplified patterns, functional architecture, and the idea about reconciliation of massive production. The Bauhaus style was one of the most significant trends in modern design and Modern architecture in the United Sates, Western Europe and Canada in decades. Constructivism in Soviet Union was fund in Russia from 1919 onward, the artists hoped that abstract art would became a function of a socially approved goal and was utilitarian. Vladimir Tatlin was the most important artist of Russia constructivism, he attempted to build The Monument for the Third International, which functioned symbolically as a sign of the new government, but was never built. During the 1920 and 1930, lots of artist refugees moved to Paris due to abstract art being banned in German and Russia by Hitler and Stalin. Paris became the center of abstract art, dedicated here by some abstract groups flourished, such as Cercle et Carrà © and Abstraction-Crà ©ation. Abstraction-Crà ©ation published its journal at this same time, and in the first of issueà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Abstraction-Crà ©ation pointed out the meaning of the title; Abstraction represented the artists who arrived at the concept of non-figuration by the abstracted form of nature. Crà ©ation showed that artists came with a pure geometric order. Abstraction became an acceptable and even popular art choice in that period. However, there are also problem with abstraction in Paris, because Paris was part of too many difference abstract tendencies, there were certain disagreement between them. During the Second World War, many Europe abstract artists moved to the United States, the world centre of art shifted from Paris to New York. At the end of the Second World War, Picasso became the artistic hero of France, so abstract painters were ignored, such as Klee and Mondrian whose exhibitions were closed by authorities. Nevertheless, a range of abstractions flourished in Paris supported by a small group of critics and gallery owners. The major branch at that time was geometric art, shown by Tachisme which is often thought be similar movement as abstract expressionism. In Paris, the expressive tendencies were partly inspired by Roger Bissiere, as a teacher at the Academie Ransom during the 1930s. He encouraged so many younger artists such as Jean Le Moal, Maria Elena Vieira da Silva. The ideas were to create the abstract works which original from the expressive qualities of nature. During the 1930s and 1940s, abstract art was often attacked in the United States. Through the 1930s, abstract art was connected with Communism. Especially at this time, some artists thought that abstraction was suitable for decorative use, it did not meet the requirement of other art forms, the abstracts was thought to be too subjective. During this period, there were many Jewish à ©migrà © living in NY after Nazi occupation. Among them, Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg were in the leading position of critics in the new American painting; they were Jews, Marxists, anti-Stalinists. As Marxists, they looked forward to the revolution that would usher in socialism, as modernists, they supported the most advanced art in that period, There are connections between Marxism and Modernism, Marxism aim to make better life, Modernists strive to make things better in art. During the 1930s, the Communist party was dominated by leftist circles. Art was supported and promoted by Stalinists in America, dictated by Soviets who showed the art as ivory-tower escapism and tied to make the artist follow Social Realism styles. Greenberg and Rosenberg were in the opposition, they debated Social Realism as academic and banal. After that, Greenberg and Rosenberg lost the interest in Socialism and focused on Art-Modernism, abstract Expressionism was firstly used in Rosenbergs essay American Action Painters published in ART news of1952 December issue, Call this painting abstract or Expressionist or Abstract-Expressionist, what counts is its special motive for extinguishing the object, which is not the same as in other abstract or Expressionist phases of modern art.'(Rosenberg,1952:22). Greenberg also supported the abstract expressionist movement and was one of the first critics to appreciate Jackson Pollock art works. Greenberg compared abstract and representational art in his essay, he first pointed out that What counts first and last in art is quality; all other things are sec ondary. (Greenberg, 1961:133). He then said the image did not add value in the quality of art, recognizable image will add conceptual meaning to a picture, but the fusion of conceptual with aesthetic meaning does not affect quality. (Greenberg, 1961:132), and more and less in art do not depend on the intensity and depth of such significances, be they few or many , as are present. (Greenberg, 1961:132). So he claim the representational painting did no achieved major quality in recently , and abstract art was getting important, And if the abstract is indeed improve, such improvement has now become necessary to important art. (Greenberg, 1961:135). Abstraction was rescued by expressionism, with all of its visual and thematic diversity, would certainly remain one of the most widely discussed of any artistic movement in the United States. Simultaneously heralded and disputed both nationally and abroad, its deep radicality and reinvention of modernist forms would indelibly mark the history of post-World War à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡art.'(Balken, 2005: 76) There were different European movements to influence the new generation of American abstract artists in 1940, Surrealism had the greatest impact. Arshile Gorky can be seen as the last of the great Surrealists and the first of the Abstract Expressionists. Abstract Expressionism can be divided into two branches in American, Gesture Painting represented by Jackson Pollock, De Kooning and colour-field painting and colour-field painting including Josef Albers, Barnett Newman. Jackson Pollock was described as breaking the ice' in terms of creating the new American painting, he showed the new art technique; drip paintings after 1947. And his large-scale paintings were to achieve a fuller, environmental impact. Unlike earlier abstract work, such painting had no geometric or grid construction (as in Cubism); no biomorphic references (as in Surrealism or Gorky); no premeditated form (Kandinsky); no illusion of spatial recession ( Matta) .(Moszynska,1990: 151) De Kooning was alone among the American abstract expressionists in his persistent confrontation with human figure, from images of men in the thirties and forties to women whose embrace unfurls into a cross in the sixties. Between the late 1950s and the early 1960s, De Kooning started a new phase, and he moved the focus from pure abstractions in landscape to the human figure. Both Pollock and De Kooning are not only for the abstraction, they did representational paintings as well, which was unlike the early abstract artists. De Kooning utilized figuration with his Woman series, and Pollock had the return of imagery in his late works such as Lavender Mist and Autumn Rhythm. Color was abandoned by some gesture painters such as De Kooning, contrasted to this, the colour-field painters focused on chromatic values and discovered the effects of colours as opposed to the expressive impact of line. Barnett Newman tried to seek an original model of abstract terms, reducing his compositional elements to a large field of uninflected colour with narrow vertical column. In his first works featuring zips, the color fields are not pure, but later the colours are pure and flat. By the 1960s, abstraction was moving away from the subjective and the expressive to a cooler sensibility. Most abstraction works were restricted to straight lines and minimum colour. In the mid-1960s and after, Minimalism are those who described movements in different forms in art and design, particularly visual art and music. Major artists are considered as the leader in this movement include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin; Robert Morris. Minimalist sculptures avoid the challenges about illusionism due to its inherent material literalism, which the abstract painter who attempted to show the spiritual or emotional possibilities had to confront. The Minimalists wanted their work to become a part of the environment, like every day work, and artists want the viewer to move the attention from the works themselves, and concentrate on the relationship between them and environment. Conceptual art was an extension of Minimalism, idea was fundamental point of the whole object, even an idea can be the work of art without an object, Sol Lewitt describes conceptual art as In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art. (Lewitt, 1967: 80). In that period, abstraction started to attract the attention of artists who wanted to explore the basic premises, including a pure form of world appearances, compositional unity and balance and freedom. The latter was attacked as an impossibility that no art can ever completely evade worldly references and no artist can remain free of the influence of their cultural environment. At the beginning of 1970s, lots of artists were affected by certain development links to structuralist philosophy, part of a trend now commonly referred to as Postmodernism. One of the most fascinating postmodern artists was Gerhard Richter, Richter made his paintings in a multistep process, and most of them begin with a photograph, and the art works present both natural but illusionistic space and the physical activity and material painting which are mutual interferences. For him, the most important features of abstraction were its deliberate lack of meaning, and subject is essential. Richer said that abstra ct art provides a better possibility of approaching what is non-visual and incomprehensible, because it portrays nothing directly visually, with all the means available to art.'(1991) Abstract art now seems to have entered into a new era -pluralism, and there is no certain representative style, made of diversity modes, digital art, pop art, op art and so on. The attitude of an anything and everything going on are popular, which means artist tried as possible much as art forms to present their work, but this lead to a nothing going on. Contemporary artists now no longer make a clear distinction between abstraction and figuration. In the works of Chris Ofilli for example he used decorative motifs and abstract patterns sometimes with a reference to OP art alongside grotesque figurative image. Peter Doig uses technique developed by colour-field painters such as flatness and large area of colours stained into the canvas to produce his landscape. In the following paragraph, I will analyze three abstractionist works and theories in detail, Wasily Kandinsky, Jackson Pollock and De Kooning respectively. Kandinsky Kandinsky can undoubtedly be described as the most significant founder of abstract art, he studied economics and law before becoming a painter in age of thirty. In the book On Spiritual in Art which I have mentioned in the history of abstract art, Kandinsky for the first time systematically expounded the theory of abstract painting. He explored the possibility of abstraction in another very important essay called On the Question of Form. (1912) Kandinsky set up art work which was made of an inner and outer form, outer form was less important in the art works, the content of the work was determined by the inner feeling of artist, soul (inner sound). Kandinsky may well have absorbed and concurred with the Theosophists belief in the mysticism of colour and form. Kandinsky believed that painting was like music, abstract painting is in the use of colour analogy music notes, in his view, and the colour also has the effect of sound and melody, and even has a symphony of shock strength. Using colour in arts seems to the music effects of shocks to soul, and directly reaches the depths of the spirit. Colour is a power which directly influences the soul. Colour is the Keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, and the soul is the piano with many strings. The artist is the hand which plays, touching one key or another, to cause vibrations in the soul (Kandinsky, 2004: 32) Kandinskys work can be divided into three period, his residence in Munich (1896-1921), at the Bauhaus (1922-1932) and in Paris (1933-1944). The styles of painting during those three periods are not same. The works in Munich were influenced by Symbolism and Fauvism. The Bauhaus work is more geometrical and paintings in Paris were much more organic and have a mark of return to the decorative detail of his early years. Jackson Pollock In 1936, Pollock inspired by David Alfaro Siqueiros, a Mexican muralist and started to use liquid paint at an experimental workshop. After this, he used the dripping painting technique which was one of his techniques; the represented works are Male and Female and Composition with Pouring I. At the late stage of his painting, Pollock removed the canvas from the frame and put it on the floor; he then dripped black and blue-white paint on the surface of canvas with a arcs controller. This drawing technique challenged the traditional drawing function. By 1950, this action of pouring and dripping became mature, as shown by Lavender Mist, the whole painting was operated on the floor and all surface covered by interlacing trails. This new technique of drawing was known as all-over painting, because his unique painting style, Jack the Dripper appear in Time magazine- Pollocks finest paintingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ reveal that his all-over line does not give rise to positive or negative areas: we are not made to feel that one part of the canvas demands to be read as figure, whether abstract or representational, against another part of the canvas read as ground. There is not inside or outside to Pollocks line or the space through which it movesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Pollock has managed to free line not only from its function of representing objects in the world, but also from its task of describing or bounding shapes or figures, whether abstract or representational, on the surface of the canvas.'(Karmel, 2002: 132) De Kooning In 1938, when he in his thirties, De Kooning focused on images of men, including Two Men Standing, Man, and Seated Figure (Classic Male), he often use his own image in the front of mirror, I took my trousers, my work clothes . I made a mixture out of glue and water, dipped the pants in and dried in front of the heater I made a little plaster head. I made drawings from it m and had it for years in my studio. (Kooning, D. 1976. ) In 1946, he turned his style to only black and white painting a series of large abstraction such like Light in August (c. 1946) and Black Friday (1948). These are essentially black with white elements and these abstracts of feature were by a forceful and energetic approach. The feature of de Koonings style focuses on complex figures with a background which overlaps other figures causing them to appear in the foreground, which in turn might be overlapped by dripping lines of paint. He considered painting an experience, expression, the process of the realization of freedom. In 1953, he gained attention from the public with his theme of woman, those works were representational paintings. So De Kooning kept to both abstraction and representational paintings through out his career. Between the late 1950s and the early 1960s, De Koonings works entered a new period, his style is back to the nearly pure abstractions, he made more landscapes than the human figure. These paintings showed brushstrokes and calligraphic tendencies, such as Bolton Landing (1957) and Door to the River (1960) I have been looking over the past hundred years about abstraction in art both historically and theoretically, and I also analyzed some abstractionists which have large influence to me, and so I come to a conclusion. When a abstract work is successful, the language of abstraction is achieved by form and content which is consistent or one, and the form can carry a specific meaning, From Kandinsky to Pollock, artists created their own style and through which they present their personal belief, abstract art has been around almost a hundred years, it still continues to produce a new form and style, and has a leading position in art. It also affected and developed in other areas such as science, and technology. It proves that abstract art can have a large capacity to absorb meanings, so it can be assumed that it will emerge in a new form in the future. Abstract art needs to have freedom from the outside material world, the abstraction is about mind and it is about spirit, I dont mean that the abstract artist should completely eliminate representational paintings, which early abstract artist such as Kandinsky and Mondrian did, but Pollock and De kooning did not, what I am try to say is that artists need to focus on heightening emotions, and freedom must be a primary element for abstraction. However, those freedoms seem to have conditions, it depends on whether the artists are popular, if the artists are not popular, they may not able to live in that situation. Abstract art can not be only sensuous without relevant meaning, if the abstract art just wants get the attention from the public; it will lose the audience who demand culture. Abstraction can not get an instinctive response like music from viewer, and it must set up a connection between the works and audience and have the ability to deal with a viewer who does not wish to make the effort. The new generation artists have to take risks to create a new style of abstraction, there is no kind of universal language of art which can be utilized for long. In this age , we are living in a varied society, and abstraction belongs to high level art, any high level art is easily to be overwhelmed by advanced and popular culture if it remains the same. Successful abstraction can be achieved by artists who confront and create their own time, and this will keep abstract art alive and continue going.

Accountability: The Key in the Healthcare Environment Essay examples -

Accountability is key in the healthcare environment in that members of a healthcare organization must be responsible for their actions and held accountable by the organization or the consumer. Many significant changes have occurred in healthcare and one of the most noted was the beginning of professional integration between businesses, hospitals and physicians. Solid partnerships have emerged and over time individuals within these successful healthcare organizations have developed mutual understanding and respect for the others profession (Fraschetti & Sugarman, 2009). Leaders and managers in healthcare have used this knowledge to build high-performance teams through various competencies particularly with the skills found in interpersonal competency. Through positive communication, training, mentorship, collaboration and staff empowerment transitional managers and leaders exhibit interpersonal competency skills, which are very effective in the healthcare environment (Guo & Anders on, 2005). Through management’s team building efforts we see high-performance healthcare teams emerge with trust, shared goals and a strong organizational culture that understand the mission and the goals they need to accomplish. Individuals, teams, managers and leaders in a successful organization know and understand their responsibilities and the standard that is expected. Scott (2001) outlines a three-part accountability process that defines what is expected, assists individuals in understanding expectations, and establishes standards and guarantees that are consistent and allow for accountability. Measures and Implementation in the Accountability Process In the United States Navy we are taught the Navy definition of accountability and then ... ...rive. Pivot Health website. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from http://www.pivothealth.com/userfiles/pdf/090701%20Bob%20Fraschetti%20Michael%20Sugarman%20Successful%20Hosiptal-Physician%20Integration%20Trustee.pdf. Guo, K. L. & Anderson, D. (2005). The new health care paradigm: Roles and competencies of leaders in the service line management approach. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 18(6/7), XII,XIII,XIV,XV,XVI,XVII,XVIII,XIX,XX. Retrieved January 11, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 948775781). Miller, N. (2000). Seeking accountability. Nursing Economics, 18(2), 92. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 52765815). Scott, G. (2001). Accountability for service excellence. Journal of Healthcare Management, 46(3), 152-5. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 73034086).

Intercultural Communications: Japan Essay

Cultural diversity is what people seek to embrace in an effort to get on well with people of different backgrounds. Tolerance is expected while in foreign countries though at times culture shocks are inevitable. Japan is a rich country in terms of culture and technology and it is important to fully comprehend their way of life to be able to mingle with them. What is acceptable in one country maybe considered disrespectful in others and it is therefore important to learn about the customs, practices and the general lifestyle of the Japanese people. This case study seeks to highlight the lifestyle of the Japanese people in terms of social interactions, etiquette, and style of doing business, customer preferences as well as sensitive matters that must be approached with caution. Japanese etiquette According to Mishima (2010), the Japanese are very respectful people and one custom they observe is bowing their heads down. This bowing culture is known as Ojigi and it applies as a form of greeting and also as a sign of respect. It has taken root in Japanese greetings, something which almost replaces the handshake. Foreigners are however pardoned for this and they will receive a rather weak handshake as Japanese stay away from close body contact. While in Japan, it will be considered impolite if people do not return the bow and it is therefore epitome to learn how to do so as it may cost business. Another important fact to note about the Japanese people is that they do not like physical contact with others since it seems to make them uncomfortable. With changing times however and them playing host to many visitors, the Japanese people may shake hands with foreigners. Bowing is taken seriously in Japan and the Japanese people view it as respectful, as a way of showing gratitude as well as a way to apologise. When dealing with older people, the bow is normally deeper and longer and this shows total respect. Casual greetings take a shorter bow while a business bow is done at an angle of 30 degrees. To show gratitude or give a formal apology, the bow angle changes to 45 degrees and this may also be used to express respect to senior people. When executing the bow, men must have their hands on their sides while women are supposed to place their hands on their thighs. What to avoid while in Japan  According to Williams (2010), the Japanese people are very direct when it comes to foreigners and people must pardon them if they ask personal questions such as how much money they make or how big their houses are. The Japanese people expect loyalty in business relationships and failure to this may mean no business at all. They love people who are good dressers and so if people are to make a point over that business meeting they must dress to impress. The Japanese business scene requires businessmen to dress up in conservative suits in a dark shade. Dressing casually to a business meeting is not welcome and this may cost people a contract. Removing shoes is second nature in many Japanese settings and it is therefore advisable to wear those that are easy to remove. Businesswomen must wear minimal accessories and dress conservatively. Women must never wear trousers to a business meeting as the Japanese men will take offence. The Japanese people also believe that women must wear low shoes as they do not like the idea of being towered over. When it comes to wearing the kimono, the left must always be over the right since wearing it otherwise signifies death and it is forms a basis of being misunderstood. The Japanese are conservative and the use of large gestures by the hands considered. People must steer clear from funny facial expressions or any move that attracts unnecessary attention (Williams, 2010). During a business meeting, it is important to stay away from the â€Å"ok† sign since the Japanese always translate it to mean money, according to Williams (2010). Pointing at people as well as blowing the nose publicly is not acceptable in a Japanese territory. Business cards are very important to the Japanese in business and they are given and received with both hands. It is important to print it in Japanese on one side and in your home language on the other. When presenting it, the part printed in Japanese must always face up. After receiving this card, people must not write on it or slip it into their wallets. The Japanese consider all these actions disrespectful and they would be pleased if the person took time to read the card and examine it carefully. This phase is so important that no business transactions will take place until business cards have been exchanged. The Japanese refrain from using the word ‘no’ and in many circumstances may give a â€Å"yes† answer to mean â€Å"no†. It is therefore of essence to understand this since failure to do so may lead to several disagreements during business negotiations (Williams, 2010). Social interactions According to the U. S. Library Congress (2010), the Japanese are harmonious people who have great value for self development and order. Among the values they hold close to their hearts is living peacefully with others be they spiritual or human beings. They believe strongly in everyone fulfilling the social obligations set for them by the society. The Japanese believe in gods and they extend the belief to what befalls people. The gods are believed to have a huge influence in the Japanese lives and they are believed to have the power to control human emotions. The Japanese believe that they are rewarded by the gods if they do good things to others and that is why they highly condemn antisocial behaviour. The Japanese are highly social animals and this culture is developed from an early age. Interdependence is the core of the Japanese people survival and it is encouraged right from the home to the community. The Japanese disregard open competition and in the same breath do not work well with competition. They practice high self-control but at the same time work hard in cooperation with others in an effort to meet their personal obligations. Decision-making is not a one person thing and this brings them together to chart the way forward and they value group work and association with others. They value strong business relationships and work hard to maintain them though hierarchy occurs naturally. In business meetings, the Japanese are keen to exchange business cards as they value it as a tool for interaction. The Japanese style of doing business According to Lafayette (2003), the Japanese often view other people as dishonest especially those from the western countries. The major reason behind this assumption is a disparity in the understanding of what is right and what is wrong. Their perceptions are varied and this makes other people look bad before them. As evidenced by Lafayette, the Japanese are very wary of their business interactions with other people and in their speeches always urge them to be sincere in the transactions. By emphasizing on sincerity, the Japanese have harmony in mind which will include each person contributing fully to meet his or her obligations to make the dealing successful. They also emphasize on the correct choice of words to avoid confrontations and unwanted excitement which may lead to loss of business. It is typical of the Japanese people to be more concerned with the manner and form in which the business is being transacted. On the other hand, westerners are more result-oriented and this could cause friction between both parties. Japanese people in business tend to care more about personal relationships and these calls for a deeper understanding which prompts deep discussions of every minute detail (Lafayette, 2003). Root binding must be done in an effort to nurture the business ties formed since over the years, distance may grow between the two parties as each side tends to interpret the agreement differently. According to Lafayette (2003), this is caused by differences in perception rather than deviousness. The Japanese business people also belief that naturally the business ties will change just as circumstances change over a period of time. The trick here is therefore being flexible enough to adjust as the business relationship may prompt if business ties with any Japanese are to be maintained. Japanese customer preferences According to Cordell (2010), foreign products are subject to intense customer evaluations and they better be good. Other than the resources used in production of the commodity as well as the cost benefits, a foreign product must gain an edge in the market if it is to compete with other local products. The common notion is that products from industrialised nations of the world are valued higher than those from developing countries. The product will therefore be perceived either positively or negatively depending on the country of origin. A brand name is what sells and in most cases, Japanese consumers will go for a product that comes from a reputable company. Marketing of a new product in a foreign land therefore needs be strategic if it is to sell and the company has to aim at maximising its profits. This therefore calls for intensive knowledge of the product as well as assuring the consumers of high quality judging from the fact that Japan is very advanced in industrial and technological matters. Conclusion Japan ranks second in the world’s superpowers’ list and being able to penetrate her territories for a business venture is the best that could happen to any business. It is therefore important to understand their cultural value as it is a step towards understanding how business flows on the other end. Being a foreigner in Japan can be a great experience while at other times it can be stressful. This will happen if people do not take time to study the lifestyle of the Japanese and this may lead to collisions with them. When it comes to the product, it must be well researched and well packaged if it is to survive the stiff competition that Japan offers. It must have an edge on the products already in the market and the marketing-process must also be well researched to address the market needs. The product must be well presented by its marketers in an attractive and practical package and it must have the potential of competing fully with its predecessors in the market. However, a blissful business relationship is bound to develop if people respect their lifestyle and make adjustments to suit in their midst.